contractions), stereotypical gay male lexical items, and stereotypical lesbian language (e.g. hypercorrect grammar), stereotypical nonstandard forms associated with the (male) working class (e.g. Linguist Robin Queen argues that analyses have been too simplistic and that a uniquely lesbian language is constructed through the combination of sometimes-conflicting stylistic tropes: stereotypical women's language (e.g. However, no direct correlations between these phonetic variables and sexual orientation were found, perhaps with listeners identifying other features that were not tested. Another experiment found that listeners indeed were able to accurately judge female speakers on a scale from "least" to "most likely to be a lesbian" (the slight lesbian and bisexual differences approaching statistical significance), perceiving the straight women as significantly more feminine, bisexual speakers as only slightly more, and lesbians as correlated with lower median pitch, wider pitch range, lower second formant, and more use of creaky voice. ![]() The study's author theorized that the straight women, aware of the study's purpose, may have been attempting to express their affinity with lesbians by adopting their stereotype of a lower pitch. Another study showed that speakers' self-assessed "familiarity with queer culture" had a statistically significant correlation with phonetic variation like lower median pitch and faster rate of speech, though mostly for straight women, somewhat for bisexual women, and not at all for lesbians. At the same time, lesbian speech studies have long been neglected, making introductory research difficult. In one English-language experiment, listeners were unable to identify female speakers as either lesbian or straight based solely on voice. Speech scientist Benjamin Munson confirmed such features among lesbians as the use of lower pitch and more direct communication styles found in previous studies, plus more backed variants of back vowels, but he noted too that differences between lesbians and straight women are "even more subtle" than differences between gay and straight men. Research has also shown unique speech of gay men in other languages, such as Puerto Rican Spanish and Flemish Dutch. The notion that some gay male speech entirely imitates women's speech is inaccurate, though certain vocal qualities are certainly shared between the two speech styles. ![]() Many gay speech characteristics match those that other speakers use when trying to speak especially clearly or carefully, including (over-)enunciating and widening the vowel spaces in the mouth. Also, gay men may tend to lower the TRAP and DRESS front vowels, especially in "fun" or casual social situations. Relevant features include what is popularly known as a gay lisp: in fact, the articulation of / s/ and / z/ with a higher frequency and longer duration than average speakers. Studies have repeatedly confirmed that male American English speakers are recognized as gay by their speech at rates above chance. ![]() Send us feedback about these examples.Linguistics research, particularly within North American English, has revealed a number of phonetically salient features used by many gay men, some of which adhere to stereotypes. These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'indigo.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. 2023 Scoop them up in a light baby blue or a darker indigo wash. Maria Sabella, Better Homes & Gardens, 5 June 2023 Ever Series Agapanthus: The Sunset Plant Collection has a host of low-water varieties with blooms ranging from white to deep indigo. Mark Johanson, Travel + Leisure, 29 July 2023 Dip your toes in this new trend with a deep indigo armchair pillow, or go all in with a worn denim sectional made for relaxed lounging. 2023 The overture came in tangerines and indigos, reaching a crescendo of shimmering gold that refracted in the bone-white salt crystals. 2023 In one guest bedroom, an exuberant scrolling red wallpaper covers the wall from floor to ceiling, complemented by a pair of Japanese indigo quilts. ![]() 2023 In fact, the brand wash-tested their jeans 50 times to ensure their durability, stretch recovery, and lasting indigo color for a 365-day guarantee. 2023 Over two days, Hockney worked to capture the exact hues of red and yellow in Styles’s striped cardigan, the indigo of his jeans, the string of pearls at his neck-not to mention the unmistakable tousled fringe of one of the world’s biggest pop stars. Sharon Brandwein, Southern Living, 21 Sep. Recent Examples on the Web Choose from four different colors: vintage indigo, French blue, sky, and white.
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